The documents of Quaker slavery

February 28, 2022

Today Friends Jour­nal is fea­tur­ing two inter­views in two media on the man­u­mis­sion project out of Haver­ford Col­lege. As it hap­pens, I’m the inter­view­er on both!

For those of you turn­ing to the dic­tio­nary, man­u­mis­sions are the doc­u­ments promis­ing the free­dom of enslaved humans. Despite our pop­u­lar image, Quak­ers enslaved Africans for over a cen­tu­ry, start­ing with Quak­er on Bar­ba­dos in the 1660s. That island was the first fab­u­lous­ly suc­cess­ful British colony in the West­ern Hemi­sphere and that econ­o­my was built on sug­ar and slaves. Quak­er mis­sion­ar­ies con­vert­ed slave-owning White Bar­ba­di­ans.1

Bar­ba­dos became less friend­ly to Quak­ers in fol­low­ing decades (repres­sive laws, nat­ur­al dis­as­ters) and many moved to William Penn’s new colony in the 1680s, bring­ing their enslaved peo­ple and a Quak­er accep­tance of human bondage with them. Kather­ine Gerbner’s “Slav­ery in the Quak­er World” is a good place to start with this his­to­ry (and yes, I inter­viewed her too a few years ago).

Some Friends start­ed for­mal­ly writ­ing against slav­ery start­ing in 1688 but rich, slave-holding Friends (includ­ing William Penn) didn’t agree and the protests were shelved. It wasn’t until 1776 that Friends in Philadel­phia for­mal­ly acknowl­edged that human bondage and Quak­er prin­ci­ples were opposed. Slave-owning Friends had two choic­es: free those in their bondage or be dis­owned from the reli­gious society.

The man­u­mis­sion papers are the receipts of the for­mer Friends. Copies of the free­dom promis­es were sent up the chain of Quak­er bureau­cra­cy as proof and even­tu­al­ly end­ed up in the archives of Haver­ford College.

My first inter­view, “Inside Haverford’s Man­u­mis­sion Archives,” is with David Satten-López, the Haver­ford fel­low­ship stu­dent who dig­i­tized a por­tion of these records, and Mary Crauderu­eff, who heads Haverford’s Quak­er collections.

The sec­ond inter­view is a video con­ver­sa­tion with Avis Wan­da McClin­ton, a strong voice on remem­ber­ing the Quak­er his­to­ry of forced bondage.

I’m so glad we’re talk­ing about this trag­ic his­to­ry more and hap­py that folks like Avis, Mary, and David have let me be part of the conversation.

www.friendsjournal.org www​.friend​sjour​nal​.org

George Lakey on people power in Ukraine

February 25, 2022

The Quak­er activist looks back at non­vi­o­lent resis­tance strug­gles to pre­vi­ous super­pow­er inva­sions in places like 1968 Czecho­slo­va­kia and 1940s Denmark.

What strikes me as extra­or­di­nary about these and oth­er suc­cess­ful cas­es is that the non­vi­o­lent com­bat­ants engaged in their strug­gle with­out the ben­e­fit of train­ing. What army com­man­der would order troops into com­bat with­out train­ing them first? 

We’ve been talk­ing about these kinds of resis­tance in peace cir­cles for decades and kudos to Gene Sharp, who cat­e­go­rized a lot of the tech­niques, and Eri­ca Chenoweth, who has done a lot more recent work. When peo­ple doubt that paci­fism can work, we can turn to this research to prove it does — or can. The trou­ble is the body count can get high. Putin’s not an empa­thet­ic guy and it seems his para­noia and mega­lo­ma­nia is get­ting worse. I’m wor­ried that he’s not above an extend­ed blood­bath if it feeds his vision of a greater Russian.

https://​wag​ingnon​vi​o​lence​.org/​2​0​2​2​/​0​2​/​u​k​r​a​i​n​e​-​d​o​e​s​n​t​-​n​e​e​d​-​t​o​-​m​a​t​c​h​-​r​u​s​s​i​a​s​-​m​i​l​i​t​a​r​y​-​m​i​g​h​t​-​t​o​-​d​e​f​e​n​d​-​a​g​a​i​n​s​t​-​i​n​v​a​s​i​on/

War is (still) not the answer

February 25, 2022

Over on Friends Jour­nal, we’re reshar­ing this 2014 inter­view with Diane Ran­dall, who was then head of Friends Com­mit­tee on Nation­al Legislation.

Diane’s suc­ces­sor Brid­get Moix, has writ­ten a State­ment on Rus­si­a’s inva­sion of Ukraine. These kinds of state­ments always depress me because they’re always so pre­dictable — war is stu­pid, we’re Quak­ers, we believe in peace, every­one should back off of the war — but what else can you do? The truth is the truth, no mat­ter how many times we have to repeat it. Rinse and repeat as nations con­tin­ue to use mil­i­tary force to oppress others.

War is Not the Answer

February 25th, 2022 , in Quaker

Quakers, slavery, and sugar

February 2, 2022

On The­Con­ver­sa­tion, a look at how 18th-century Quak­ers led a boy­cott of sug­ar to protest against slav­ery, from Bay­lor Uni­ver­si­ty prof Julie L. Hol­comb. This is part of a series exam­in­ing “sugar’s effects on human health and culture.”

In the late 17th and ear­ly 18th cen­turies, only a few Quak­ers protest­ed African slav­ery. Indeed, indi­vid­ual Quak­ers who did protest, like Lay, were often dis­owned for their actions because their activism dis­rupt­ed the uni­ty of the Quak­er com­mu­ni­ty. Begin­ning in the 1750s, Quak­ers’ sup­port for slav­ery and the prod­ucts of slave labor start­ed to erode, as reform­ers like Quak­er John Wool­man urged their co-religionists in the North Amer­i­can Colonies and Eng­land to bring about change. 

None of this will be new to reg­u­lar read­ers of Friends Jour­nal and Lar­ry Ingle reviewed Hol­com­b’s book for us in 2017. But it is inter­est­ing to think about the eco­nom­ic aspects both of ear­ly Friends’ embrace of slav­ery in Bar­ba­dos and Penn­syl­va­nia and also of the abo­li­tion­ists’ boy­cott tac­tics. These days orga­ni­za­tions like the Earth Quak­er Action Team con­tin­ue to com­bine social wit­ness with strate­gic eco­nom­ic pressure.

February 2nd, 2022 , in Quaker

Back to Fox

January 28, 2022

Johan Mau­r­er is revis­it­ing Fox’s Jour­nal as he copy­ed­its a Russ­ian translation

This task of edit­ing the Russ­ian trans­la­tion has brought me face to face once again with this unapolo­get­i­cal­ly bold wit­ness and his raw tes­ti­mo­ny. What am I to do with him? How is he a mod­el or mea­sure for the Friends move­ment today? Do we have among us — do we endure among us — those who might make such bold claims … to be empow­ered with God’s mes­sage to the same degree as the orig­i­nal writ­ers of Scrip­ture?… to be per­fect­ly redeemed from temp­ta­tion? … to lead peo­ple into the same place where he was, so that they could have the same access to God’s spir­it that he claimed to have? 

January 28th, 2022 , in Quaker

Wess Daniels: The good wine is now

January 28, 2022

From: The Wine Gave Out

When I look back at the time in that library in Eng­land where it appeared that maybe Quak­erism was already dead, I found out­side those walls a move­ment of the Spir­it that was renew­ing Friends, lead­ing Friends in faith­ful­ness to chal­lenge their year­ly meet­ing struc­tures and the exclu­sion of some of God’s chil­dren, new meet­ings aris­ing to meet con­tem­po­rary needs, and young peo­ple tak­ing lead­er­ship roles often reserved for Quak­ers twice their age. There is good wine among Friends being faith­ful to Jesus. 

It seems to me that his­to­ry became a par­tic­u­lar­ly favorite Quak­er past time for two rea­sons: our avoid­ance of any­thing resem­bling a creed, and our post-schism desire to authen­ti­cate “our brand” of Quak­erism as the “real Quakerism.”

As the Friends move­ment splin­tered into a dozen or com­pet­ing sects in the nine­teenth cen­tu­ry (most notably espe­cial­ly Hick­site vs. Gur­neyite vs. Wilbu­rite), we could mine and inter­pret the his­to­ry of “ear­ly Friends” to divine which branch they would have favored. And by col­lect­ing and inter­pret­ing old Quak­er jour­nals and epis­tles we could map out an “authen­tic” Quak­er set of beliefs and practices.

The prob­lem is that most ear­ly Friends didn’t go about to cre­ate a new sect: they were Chris­tians get­ting back to the basics. Part of the thrill of hear­ing George Fox’s ser­mons is that he wasn’t just recit­ing or proof-texting scrip­ture, but speak­ing it as if it were new and fresh and true. That’s hard to do. I know I often reach for the rhetor­i­cal crutch of the “ear­ly Quak­ers,” but the irony is that those very Friends weren’t stuck on his­to­ry. I think part of this is a dis­tinct­ly mod­ern sen­si­bil­i­ty: those of us brought up in West­ern aca­d­e­m­ic tra­di­tions think about time and change dif­fer­ent­ly than mid-seventeenth cen­tu­ry British sheep­herders. But as Wess points out, it’s just as much a result of wine that’s sat out too long and gone a bit vinegary.

January 28th, 2022 , in Quaker

Speaking to our conditions

October 15, 2021

I used to be a reg­u­lar at Mid­dle­town Meet­ing2 and always felt fed by Chris Stern’s ministry.

I’ve often wished that meet­ings might embrace what­ev­er unique cir­cum­stances they might be in to cul­ti­vate a col­lec­tive min­istry. Sit­u­at­ed in a col­lege town? Make sure the wor­ship space is close to cam­pus and net­work with fac­ul­ty, staff, and stu­dents. In an urban set­ting get­ting lots of first-time vis­i­tors every week? Insti­tute a lowkey, ongo­ing, drop-in Quak­erism 101 class or oth­er type of activ­i­ty to give them a next-step in the Quak­er path. Do mem­bers have more of some kind of diver­si­ty (race, age, the­ol­o­gy)? Then use that to edu­cate and advo­cate. The meet­ing can con­tin­ue to do every­thing else, of course, but it could look to see if there’s a lead­ing among mem­bers to do some­thing special.

Mid­dle­town — and specif­i­cal­ly the Mid­dle­town Men’s Group as I under­stand it — does that by reg­u­lar­ly pro­vid­ing events to share the Friends Chris­t­ian per­spec­tive in Philadel­phia Year­ly Meet­ing. This past June they held a Zoom work­shop called “Faith, Hope, and Wit­ness With­in” as part of the year­ly meet­ing’s “Run­way to Annu­al Ses­sions” series, with Chris Stern one of the speakers.

It was a nice event but as always, I kind of won­dered who it was reach­ing. Many of us on Zoom were already quite com­fort­able with a Chris­t­ian Quak­er wit­ness. What about all the kids on Red­dit and Dis­cord and YouTube who might appre­ci­ate a Quak­er voice that does­n’t nec­es­sar­i­ly hear about PYM events or know that this was like­ly to be a not-to-be-missed one?

Read­er, it took me a week to remem­bered that I work with the Quak­er­S­peak video­g­ra­ph­er, Rebec­ca Hamilton-Levi and that Chris might make a good inter­vie­wee. You don’t need to be on a Slack chan­nel with Rebec­ca to make a sug­ges­tion. If you know some­one who should be con­sid­ered for Quak­er­S­peak, you can let her know.

I like how Chris takes the famil­iar sto­ry of a young George Fox and makes it his own. It’s a nice tes­ti­mo­ny that there’s still that one, even Christ Jesus, ready to speak to our conditions.

ps: Chris has also been fea­tured the mag­a­zine, most recent­ly in 2013 for Find­ing a Way to Peace.

October 15th, 2021 , in Quaker

Bogus religion

October 4, 2021

Wess Daniels just wrote a use­ful piece on Quak­er excep­tion­al­ism and a form of Quak­er bullying

I have heard oth­ers refer to the “Quak­er val­ues” of as being used as a “sword and a shield,” a sword to attack oth­ers wise, and a shield to pro­tect and jus­ti­fy ones own actions. Bogus reli­gion of any kind, Quak­er or not, is often used as a cov­er for bullying. 

How do we hold our core val­ues while remain­ing invitational?

October 4th, 2021 , in Quaker